Max Bennett
Max Bennett connects evolutionary biology, comparative neuroanatomy, and machine learning architectures. In A Brief History of Intelligence: Evolution, AI, and the Five Breakthroughs That Made Our Brains (2023), he presents a systematic structural taxonomy tracing how biological cognition evolved across five sequential computational milestones: steering in early bilaterians, reinforcement learning in early vertebrates, internal world simulation in early mammals, mentalizing and theory of mind in primates, and cumulative language in humans.
Bennett’s analytical framework treats each evolutionary breakthrough not as a replacement of previous neural circuits, but as a hierarchical supervisory layer added on top of existing control systems. The third breakthrough, neocortical world simulation, enabled mammals to run vicarious trial-and-error models in working memory before committing energy or risking physical injury in action, laying the groundwork for subjective prospective cognition.
In evaluating artificial general intelligence and machine consciousness, Bennett uses comparative neurobiology as an empirical benchmark. He argues that modern large language models have achieved high proficiency in the fifth breakthrough (language) while bypassing the grounded world simulations, sensorimotor steering, and affective homeostatic loops of breakthroughs one through four, highlighting the structural gaps that separate linguistic fluency from integrated conscious awareness.
Known for. The Five Breakthroughs evolutionary neuroscience framework and A Brief History of Intelligence (2023)
Coverage on this site
Every researcher covered on this site is indexed in the directory of consciousness researchers, grouped by the position their published work defends. The positions themselves are set out in the index of consciousness theories.